ECOLOGICAL GOVERNMENT

There are several ecological policy instruments for achieving ecological aims (@Fleissner 1993:10). These include

LEGAL regulations production lines regulate number of production units (1)
construction guidelines (2)
production process input standards (3)
process standards (4)
operating standards (5)
products phase-out (6a)
quantity regulations (6b)
product standards (7)
emission of pollutants emission norms (8)
ECONOMIC fiscal environmental taxes input resources (9)
energy (10)
output products (11)
emissions (12)
environmental spending "common burden" spendings (13)
subventions grants (14)
credits (15)
tax reductions (16)
research&development grants (17)
purchase policies (18)
structure policies (19)
non-fiscal environmental planning (20)
chamber of commerce solutions (21)
voluntary measures (22)
change of propriety rights (23)
creating pollutant market
netting (24)
offsets (25)
bubbles (26)
banking (27)
privatization of environmental goods (28)
freeing risk capital guarantees (29)
ensurances (30)

ANNOTATIONS/EXAMPLES
(1)regulation of Donghai fishing (see Guangming Ribao April 2Xth 1996)
(2)for example, several German nuclear power plants (as 4 billion $ Kalkar reactor closed in 1991 due to not fulfilling safety requirements)
(5)standards for desulphization
(6a)global phase out of CFCs (Montreal protocol),pentachlorophenol in Germany 1987
(8)Toronto protocol (reduce CO2 by 20% compared to 1988)
(10)this is demanded by most European Green parties
(13)"common burden" spending like noise reduction; greenbelts; garbage collection
(16)catalyst cars in Germany get some tax reductions
(17)e.g. National Natural Science Foundation
(18)many province governments in Europe ban PVC use in public buildings
(13)"common burden" spending like noise reduction; greenbelts; garbage collection
(24-27) emission trading used in the US (since 1977 Clean Air Act):
(24) netting allows a company which installs a new emission source to reduce emissions of another source so that NETTO emissions do not increase; so that the strict limit values are not applied to the new emission source
(25)offsets allow the installation of new emission sources in non attainment areas when other existing emission sources a reduced
(26)bubbles join different emission sources and allow to surpass maxima for individual sources if the aggregate limit is not surpassed
(27)banking allows to save emissions below the maximum values for future sales